CCSS1 Minimum Contents 2nd Evaluation

Unit 7: The Stone Age

Paleolithic period: nomadic, hunter-gatherers (predators), dwellings, realistic cave art

Neolithic revolution: Farming (agriculture and livestock) and a sedentary lifestyle

Unit 8: The Metal Age

Copper, Bronze and Iron ages. Metallurgy for weapons and tools. Megaliths (dolmen, cromlech, alignment, menhir)

Unit 9, first half: Mesopotamia

Different Tigris and Euphrates river civilizations (Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Neo-Babylonians). Society. Religion. Ziggurats.

Unit 9, second half: Ancient Egypt

Nile periodic flooding and its importance. Periods of Egyptian history. Economy. Society. Religion. Pyramids, temples, mastabas, hypogea.

Unit 10: Ancient Greece

Geography. Metal Age, Archaic Age, Classical Age, Hellenistic Age. Society. Religion. Military conflicts.

CCSS3 Global Exam 2nd Evaluation Minimum Contents

Unit 1

Time zones

Unit 10

Division of powers. Structure of government (central and autonomous communities). Formula for Senate representation. 

Unit 3

Evolution and distribution of global population. Natural population change (BR, DR, NI, RNI). Population movement (regular and migration: immigration and emigration). Population structure by age, sex and economic activity. The population of Spain (distribution, natural population change, migration, population structure).

Unit 4

Settlement (rural and urban, in general and in Spain). Urban hierarchy and urban network. Metropolitan areas, cornurbations, and megalopolises. Analysis of cities (site, plan, urban constructions, zones). Urban problems and their corresponding solutions. Changes in rural and urban settlement in Spain.  

Unit 5
Planned obsolescence. Perceived obsolescence. 

CCSS2 Global Exam 2nd Evaluation Minimum Contents

Unit 4 The Byzantine and Carolingian Empires

395 Theodosius divided the Roman Empire into East and West

East  EREà The Byzantine Empire (until 1453 fell to the Ottoman Turks)

Latifundia, Strategoi, Themes, Hagia Sophia, Emperor Justinian

West - WRE - 476 fell to Barbarian tribes à Carolingian Empire (Charlemagne)

Unit 5 Islam and Al-Andalus

Caliphates and dynasties. Architectural features (p.89). Berbers. Taifas.

Unit 6 Feudal Europe

The feudal system. Parts of a fief. Expenses that peasants had to pay. Romanesque architecture p.117.

Unit 7 Cities in Medieval Europe

Advances in agricultural technology. Political transformation (parliaments). Societal changes because of urbanization (bourgeoisie). Political organization in the cities (city councils and magisters). Crafts and guilds. Trade fairs, moneychangers and the appearance of bankers.  Gothic architecture p.136-137. Differences between Gothic and Romanesque architecture. 14^th century crises and period of recovery.

Unit 8 The Christian Kingdoms

The development of the Christian kingdoms (León/Asturias, Castilla, Navarra and Aragón) p.146. The Reconquest. Repopulation strategies.  Political organization (the cortes) in the different Christian kingdoms. The Mesta. Society (coexistence of 3 cultures). Toledo School of Translators. Persecution of the Jews (1391 attacks).

CCSS3 Extra Credit Assignment

For 0,5 points extra credit (to be added to one task of your choosing):

Watch the film The Lightbulb Consipiracy on youtube (here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4WPrTk90VZM)

Write me a one page commentary on the film. Include a summary and your personal opinion.

CCSS3 Unit 5: Economic Activity

CCSS3 Unit 5 Economic Activity p.77

Part 1:The Economy p.78

The Economy is responsible for the use of resources which satisfy the needs/wants of individuals/groups, like food or free time.

Goods are produced to satisfy needs.

            -come in 2 kinds

-Products: material objects (ex. Books)

                        -Services: work done that doesn´t produce a tangible product (ex. Transport)

            -are limited

            -can be bought and sold

            -have a price

            -are produced using different resources, or factors of production

Factors of production are:

                        -natural resources: earth, water…

                        -human resources: people and their labor

                        -capital resources: money, buildings, machinery, equipment…

Part 2: Economic Systems and the Market Economy p.80

2.1 Types of Economic Systems

Economic System = the way a society organizes its economy .

            -Different types

                        -Socialist Economy (planned) = the state controls the majority of the factors of production and decides how the economy should work

                        -Interventionist/Centralized Economy= the state takes actions that affect the economy

                        -Capitalist System/Market Economy = businesses and consumers control the economy with limited involvement by the state.

2.2 The Market Economy: Supply and Demand

The Market Economy = a system where people and companies produce/buy/sell goods/services freely with limited state intervention

            -factors of production belong to individuals/businesses, not the state

            -the government can use economic policy to influence the economy

            -prices are determined by supply and demand

                        -If supply is high, prices drop

                        -If supply is low, prices go up

“The Market” = the method used to exchange goods/services and set prices (not necessarily a physical place)

2.3 Economic Agents

(2 Types)

            1. Families (one or several people)

            2. Companies (organizations that produce goods/services to make a profit)

            3. The State (sometimes)

            1.Families do 2 things in the economy:

                        1. They consume goods/services, spending money and affecting demand.

                        2. They:  are workers

                                    - receive an income they use to buy goods/services

                                    - salaries = main income for families

                                    -use a budget to balance income and expenses

            2. Businesses produce the goods/services

                        -have expenses (workers’s salaries, machinery, rent etc.)

                        -have an income from the goods/services they sell

                        -make a profit if the income is higher than their expenses

                        -are called companies when they belong to several people

            3. The State

                        -offers services (ex. Healthcare, education)

                        - collects taxes (income)

Part 3: The Labor Market and the Globalization of the Economy p. 84

3.1 The Labor market

           

Workers=the human resources

            - we call it the “job market/ labor market”

-most workers are subject to market laws (supply + demand)

- supply = people who want to work

- demand = the number of workers a company needs

Changes in the labor market

            1. Increased UNEMPLOYMENT (more than 50% of the world’s unemployed don’t get any benefits)

            2. ICT (information and communication technology: machines to collect, store, process and analyze info.)

-has revolutionized production methods

                        -increased teleworking (working away from the office)

            3. Workers are becoming more skilled  b/c of education and business needs.

            4. Companies can dismiss their employees and hire others. 

            5. In industrialized countries, workers are demanding fewer hours and a more flexible schedules. HOWEVER, in many countries workers’ rights are not recognized and child labor is permitted.

            6. Working conditions have improved because of collective agreements between trade unions and employer’s associations.

            7. Inequalities remain between men and women: men earn more and women have more temporary contracts.

           

3.2 The Globalization of the Economy p.86

Enormous free market system --> global integration à globalization

-ICT (especially the internet) connects companies all around the world.

-The expansion of multinational corporations have led companies to globalize how and where they produce their goods.

Free trade zones – countries charge no tariffs on import/export of goods from other countries between the zones, but economic policies within each country are independent.

Common Markets – remove tariffs and allow the free movement of people and capital between member countries.  The member-countries adopt a common economic policy towards outside states.

Free trade and globalization are supported by the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the UN, who promote free trade between members. 

CCSS2 1391 Persecution of Jews

“In 1391, Ferrand Martinez, the Archdeacon of Ecija, urged Christians to kill or baptize the Jews.

On June 6, the mob attacked the Judería in Seville from all sides and murdered 4,000 Jews; the rest submitted to baptism as the only means of escaping death.

The riots then spread across the countryside destroying many synagogues and murdering thousands of Jews in the streets. During the months-long riots, the Cordoba Judería was burned down and over 5,000 Jews ruthlessly murdered. More Jews converted as the only way to escape death…

 

Soon after, a series of laws were passed. The Jews were ordered to:

  1) LIVE BY THEMSELVES IN ENCLOSED JUDERIAS

2) BANNED FROM PRACTICING MEDICINE, SURGERY, OR CHEMISTRY

3) BANNED FROM SELLING COMMODITIES SUCH AS BREAD, WINE, FLOUR, MEAT, ETC.

4) BANNED FROM ENGAGING IN HANDICRAFTS OR TRADES OF ANY KIND

5) FORBIDDEN TO HIRE CHRISTIAN SERVANTS, FARM HANDS, LAMPLIGHTERS, OR GRAVEDIGGERS

6) BANNED FROM EATING DRINKING, BATHING, HOLDING INTIMATE CONVERSATION WITH, VISITING, OR GIVING PRESENTS TO CHRISTIANS

7) BANNED FROM HOLDING PUBLIC OFFICES OR ACTING AS MONEY-BROKERS OR AGENTS
8) FORBIDDEN TO ASSUME THE TITLE OF “DON”

9) FORBIDDEN TO CARRY WEAPONS

10) FORBIDDEN TO TRIM BEARD OR HAIR

11) JEWESSES WERE REQUIRED TO WEAR PLAIN, LONG GARMENTS OF COARSE MATERIAL REACHING TO THE FEET, AND JEWS WERE FORBIDDEN TO WEAR GARMENTS MADE OF FINE MATERIAL

 

These laws were strictly enforced, and calculated to compel the Jews to embrace Christianity.”

   – jewishvirtuallibrary.org

CCSS2 Unit 8: The Christian Kingdoms

CCSS2 Unit 8: The Christian Kingdoms p.145

Part 1: The Christian Principalities p.146

-The Muslims never managed to conquer the people of the north.

-Several Christian principalities emerged there à later they became kingdoms

1.1 Political Development

1.THE KINGDOM OF LEON AND ASTURIAS

-The Asturs were the Hispano-Celtic inhabitants of what is now Asturias, León, and northern Zamora.

-We know they were in Spain by the 6^th century BC

-In the 6^th century AD they were conquered by the Visigoths and absorbed into their kingdom.

-They were a horse-riding highland cattle-raising people who lived in circular huts of stone drywall construction.

-Their leader was Don Pelayo (722 Covadonga)

-Alfonso I was the first Asturian king (739-757)

-In the 10^th century, under Alfonso III the kingdom expanded to the Duero Valley (à called The Kingdom of León)

2. CASTILLA

-governed by León until the 10^th C. à independence

-11^th C. became a kingdom (Fernando I was king)

-1230: Castilla + León united under Fernando III (=Crown of Castilla)

-12^th C. Portugal (a county of Castilla) gained independence and became a kingdom

3. NAVARRA

-8^th C. controlled by the Carolingians

-9^th C. The Arista family gained independence à founded the Kingdom of Pamplona à Navarra

-11^th C: Sancho III expanded the kingdom

4. ARAGON

-was a small territory that belonged to Navarra til the 11^th C.

-gained independence under Ramiro I

-1035: became a kingdom

-12^th C Kingdom of Aragón united with County of Barcelona (= Crown of Aragón)

1.2 Reconquest and Repopulation p.147

A-“The Reconquest” = the Christian advance to the south, conquering Muslim territory (8^th – 15^th C)

-until 1000 al-Andalus was stronger, so advance was slow

-11^th C the division of al-Andalus into taifas weakened it à they were unable to stop the Christians, even with help from the Almoravids/Almohads.

-1212 Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (Gualilquivir)

-Everything except the Granada was conquered in the 13^th C - Boabdil gave it up to the Catholic Monarchs in 1492

B. “REPOPULATION” = the establishment of Christian settlements in the land that was newly conquered from the Muslims.

3 Different ways

1.North/Center of Peninsula: Much of the regained area was empty, so the kings took it for themselves

à They offered it to colonists to cultivate

à They also granted fueros and cartas puebla to city councils to let them organize the new settlements.

fuero: a code of law where the king gives certain rights to a city's inhabitants

carta puebla: same thing but for a town

2. In Levante, part of Cataluña and some areas in the center of the Peninsula Capitulations : The Muslims were allowed to stay, as long as they paid a special tax.

3. In Andalucía, Valencia, the Balearic Islands and Murcia  REPARTIMIENTOS: the king gave Muslim houses/land to people who had helped during the Reconquest (more land to those who gave more).

PART 2: POLITICS, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY

2.1 POLITICAL ORGANIZATION P.150

Christian Kingdoms’ Political Institutions:

1.       Monarchy: feudal (vassals = nobles of the king); The king had more power in Castilla and Portugal than in Aragón and Navarra.

2.      Cortes: -bourgeoisie, clergy and nobility.

a.      The king usually summoned them to approve new taxes.

b.      In Aragón+Navarra they restricted the king’s power and had more decision-making powers.

3.     Administration:

a.      To administer justice: The Chancillería in Castilla and the Justicia Mayor in Aragon.

b.      To collect taxes: the treasury

c.       To represent the king: territorial delegates like the merino in Castilla and the vaguer in Aragon.

4.     Economy:

CROWN OF ARAGON

a.      farming/livestock (interior)

b.      craftwork/trade (only in cities, Barcelona + Valencia)

PORTUGAL

a.      developed foreign tradeàpowerful fleet + lots of expeditions across the Atlantic.

5.     Crown of Castilla

a.      Sheep rearing

b.      The Meseta: an association that defended the interests of transhumant livestock holders (shepherds who move inwinter/summer schedules) against those of farmers.

c.       Wool was sold abroad (Netherlands via Bilbao and Santander) - brought markets and fairs

2.3 SOCIETY P.152

-A pyramid of estates w/the king at the top.

1.       PRIVILEGED ESTATES

a.       Nobility: divided into high nobles (who lived from their lands) and low nobles, who worked for a high noble.

b.      Clergy: bishops, abbots and grand masters (highest bosses) of military orders

2.      NON-PRIVILEGED ESTATES

a.      Peasants: biggest group. They could be the owners or coloni of the land they farmed (coloni are dependent on the feudal lord)

b.      Bourgeoisie: grew in importance as cities grew.

3.      THE COEXISTENCE OF 3 CULTURES

a.      Christians, Jews and Mudejars lived peacefully together until the 14^th C.

b.      Jews began to be persecuted because they were envied for holding high position in administration and for being moneylenders.

c.       They were scapegoats for the Black Death and the economic crisis.  In 1391 the Jewish quarters of Sevilla, Córdoba and Valencia were attacked.

PART 4: CULTURE, ARCHITECTURE AND ART

4.1 CULTURE P.158

THE TOLEDO SCHOOL OF TRANSLATORS- They translated works of Muslim and Ancient Greek philosophers and scientists from Arabic to Latin and later into Castilian.

In the 11^th C.

-the first texts appeared in Romance Languages.

-Universities were founded in Palencia, Salamanca and Valladolid.