CCSS3 Unit 10

Power point presentation:

https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/53685594/CCSS3%20%20Unit%2010%20The%20Division%20of%20Powers%20in%20the%20Spanish%20State.pptx

CCSS2 Unit 12 from last year and Unit 4 from this year

Students from the 2nd year of ESO, here are the last 2 Power Point presentations, both of which will be on the next exam:

https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/53685594/CCSS2%20Roman%20and%20Visigoth%20Hispania%20(CCSS1%20Unit%2012).pptx

https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/53685594/CCSS2%20Unit%204.pptx

Roman and Visigoth Hispania (CCSS1 Unit 12)

1. PRE-ROMAN HISPANIA

PRE-ROMAN PEOPLES – CELTS, IBERIANS AND COLONIZERS

1. People of CELTIC influence and/or descent: Gallaeci, Astures, Cantabri, Vascones, Lusitanian, Vaccaei and Celtiberian tribes.

2. IBERIANS: generic name for tribes in the South, East and Balearic Is.

3. COLONIZERS: Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians arrived in search of metals. They founded colonies on the Mediterranean coast.

2. PRE-ROMANS:

IBERIANS AND CELTICI:

Polytheistic

Hierarchical societies

Dwellings: both lived in settlements surrounded by defensive walls.

Iberian: square

Celtici: circular

2. ROMAN HISPANIA

The Roman Conquest of Hispania:

1. (218-197BC) Rome defeated the Carthaginians, gaining control of the Mediterranean coast.

2. (197-29BC) The Romans conquered the center and West of the Peninsula, defeating the Lusitanians and Celiberians.

3. (29-19BC) Rome conquered the Cantabri and Astures, occupying the North.

ROMANIZATION: adopting the culture and way of life of the Romans (Latin language, urbanized territory, Roman laws/government, Roman socialization, culture, money, farming techniques, educational system and religion)

HISPANIA, A ROMAN TERRITORY – divided into provinces, each ruled by a governor (changed over time)

ROMAN RELIGION: was gradually introduced in Hispania (the cult of the Emperor and then Christianity)

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE:

-Theaters (in Mérida)

-Amphitheatres (in Italica)

-Circuses (Sagunto)

-Aqueducts (Segovia, Mérida)

-Roman walls (Lugo)

-Bridges (Cáceres)

-Baths (Tarragona)

-Temples (Bolonia in Cádiz)

-Triumphal Arches (Bará in Tarragona)

3. VISIGOTH HISPANIAUnit 4: The Byzantine and Carolingian Empires p.65

4.1 The Division of the Roman Empire (p.66)

            -395 Theodosius divides Rome into Eastern and Western Roman Empires (Capitals: ERE: Constantinople and WRE:Rome)

            -476 WRE falls in 476 to barbarian (Germanic/Visigoth) invasions (Odoacre) = The beginning of the Middle Ages

            -Kingdoms are established in W.Europe  w/elected monarchy that became hereditary, rural structure, and agricultural economies w/out much trade. Life changes to a much smaller scale.

-The Visigoths arrived in Hispania in 413AD as allies of the Romans against the Suebis, Vandals and Alans, who had occupied part of the Peninsula.

THE KINGDOM OF TOLEDO- cap. Toledo

-King Leovigildo unified the Peninsula (Suebi, Cantabri, Vascones, Byzantine dominions).

-7^th Century political crisis, king Witiza died.

-King Rodrigo came to power, but Witiza’s supporters were against him, so they askd the Muslims for help.

-711 battle of Guadalete: Muslims defeated Rodrigo and topple the Visigoth kingdom.

4.2.1 Territorial Development

            -ERE called Byzantine Empire, considered themselves Roman.

            -Able to repel barbarian attacks

            -map. p.67

            -Emperor Justinian (527-565) wanted to reestablish unity and splendor of Rome. Conquered Italy and more Mediterranean territory, but they couldn’t hold onto it after his death in 565

            -Byzantine enemies: Persians, Muslims, Turks

            - 11^th century political crises: nobles fighting for the throne,

religious crises: iconoclasm (disagreement about representations of God, Jesus and the saints that caused riots) and the East-West Schism (1054 break up of Christianity into the Catholic Christian Church (led by Pope in Rome) and the Orthodox Christian Church (led by Patriarch in Constantinople)

-1453 the Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople, marking the fall of the ERE

4.2.2 Political Organization p.68

            -Emperor had absolute power granted by God: he protected the church and chose the head of it (the Patriarch) and controlled the army and legal system.

            -Byzantine territories were divided into themata (provinces) and ruled by a strategoi (political/military chief who obeyed emperors orders)

            -efficient public administration (like Rome)

            - well trained army, but they eventually needed mercenaries after 11^th century crises.

4.2.3 Economy p.69

            - Agriculture paramount – each theme specialized in 1 crop

            -Trade important in 11^th century. Constantinople linked East and West. Exports = textiles, wines jewels; Imports: furs, ivory, precious stones, perfume

4.2.4. Society

            RURAL- Big rural landowners have large estates (latifundia) and often have high positions in administration/army

            -peasant (coloni) worked their land. Some had small plots but high taxes eventually forced them into debt after the 11^th century crisis and large estate owners bought up the countryside.

            URBAN – ruling class of wealthy landowners, high officials and wealthy merchants

            -lower classes: small merchants, slaves + craftsmen (collegia = guilds)

4.2.5 Culture, Architecture and Art p.70

            -East + West influences; spoke Greek

            -lots of literary activity: Code of Justinian = codification of Roman law

            -Architecture: Greek cross plan + Basilica Plan, semicircular arches, cupolas. Ex: Hagia Sophia (Constantinople), St. Mark’s Basilica (Venice)

            -Painting: icons= images of saints, Christ, the Virgin on wood with rigid, unnatural expressions

4.3 The Franks and Carolingians p.72

4.3.1 The Frankish Kingdom

            -Franks settled in Gaul (France) after fall of WRE

            -King Clovis (481-511) converted to Catholicism and unified Gallo-Romans and Franks.

                        -507 defeats Visigoths in battle of Vouillé -->expels them to Iberian Pen. from Toulouse -->they est. Kingdom of Toledo in Spain

                        -his successor’s administrator Charles Martel  (mayor of the palace) defeated Muslims at 732 battle of Poitiers, forcing them to retreat to Spain

            -When Martel died his son Pippin the Short became king of the Franks (w/pope’s approval) = beginning of Carolingian Dynasty.

4.3.2. The Carolingian Empire p.73

-TERRITORY

            -Pippin’s son Charlemagne (Charles the Great) became king when he died.

                        -expanded territory militarily (map p.73)

                        - 25/12/800 proclaimed Holy Roman Emperor by Pope (Rome claimed this was the legitimate successor to the WRE)

            -Succeeded by Louis the Pious (814-840)

                        -When he died his 3 sons fought for control of the HRE

                        -843 Treaty of Verdun divided it (p.73)

-POLITICS p.75

            -Organized around imperial palace/emperor’s court (Charlemagne’s was in Aachen)

            -Imperial officials:

                        -chancellor wrote official documents

                        -seneschal was the court’s housekeeper

                        -count of the palace – ran the royal tribunal in the emperor’s name

            -palace had a chapel with clergymen

            -Territory was divided for administration

                        -Counties were rules by a count (appointed official of emperor).

                        -Marches /mársh-es/ were borderlands governed by a marquis /mar-kí/ in charge of military powers and soldiers.

            -To keep counts and marshes obedient- missi dominici (palace inspectors) came. They were a noble and a bishop.

-ECONOMY p.75

            -Agricultural economy w/large estates belonging to the emperor or clergy.

            -Trade was not important

           

-SOCIETY

            -Hierarchy: 1.Emperor, 2. Nobility and High Clerics 3. Peasants 4. Slaves

            -Manorial system arises: the emperor gave land to the nobles to keep them loyal to him. They had total control of the serfs who worked on them à Feudalism

-CULTURE

            -Charlemagne founded Palatine Academy in Aarchen to educate his officials – one of the only places of learning in the dark ages.

CCSS1 Unit 7: The Stone Age

Students in the 1st year of ESO, click on this link to download the powerpoint presentation from class:

https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/53685594/CCSS1%20Unit%207%20.pptx

Here are the notes from class without the pictures:

CCSS1

Unit 7: The Stone Age p.104-122

Introduction to History

 In Western culture, we divide history by the birth of Christ (year 1)

–     Before Christ = B.C.

–     After Christ = A.D. (Anno Domini – Latin for year of our lord)

So, the years 1-99 AD = 1^st Century AD, 100-199 AD= 2^nd  century AD, 200-299=3^rd century AD etc.  Also the years 99-1BC = 1^st century BC and 199-100 BC = 2^nd century BC, 299-200 BC = 3^rd century BC etc.

Part 1: Prehistory p.104

Prehistory – began with first hominids (about 500,000BC) and ended with the appearance of writing (3500BC)

Paleolithic Age (“Old Stone Age”) = 500,000BC – 7000BC

Neolithic Age (“New Stone Age”) = 7000BC – 3500BC

Part 2: Origin and Evolution of Human Beings p. 104

Hominids = the upper primates who walked upright and all their descendents, including homo sapiens.

Hominization = the process by which the upper apes evolved into humans, including brain development, walking upright, opposable thumbs, etc.

Principal Hominids

Australopithecus

Homo habilis

Homo erectus

Homo antecessor

Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthal)

Homo sapiens sapiens

Part 3: Life in the Paleolithic Age p.106

Summary

3.1 Economy and Society p. 108

Climate: periods of cold (large areas covered w/ice) and milder ones

Hominids’ Diet: They were predators -- hunter-gatherers: they consumed nature’s products without replacing them.

Where did they live? They were nomadic – they moved in search of resources. Lived in caves or shelters grouped into camps = 1 hord (extended family) . Several hords = 1 tribe.

Paleolithic Society: Hierarchical = some people were above others.

Paleolithic Beliefs: They buried their dead, so we know they had religious beliefs. Worshipped forced of nature.

 3.3 Paleolithic Art p.110

First art = cave paintings representing animals (like in Altamira caves in Cantabria and Lascaux, France).

-Paintings were very realistic. Colored red with iron or blood, black with coal, and ochre/yellow from earth or plants.

-Also, they made batons (small bones or horns carved into the shape of a deer or horse).

-Venus statues – made of ivory, stone and bone and found all around Europe. They likely represent fertility because their feminine features are exaggerated.

Part  4: The Neolithic Revolution p.112

Summary: 7000BC = Important economic/social changes= Revolution

2 Most Important Changes:

1. Hunter-gatherers changed --> Agriculture and Livestock

2. Nomadic lifestyle changed --> sedentary

4.1 Economy and Society p.114

Natural Landscape: A climate change between Paleolithic + Neolithic Ages = increase in Earth’s temp., melting some of ice in Europe/Asia/N.America.

-Large areas of tundra --> forest

-Large herbivores went north, leaving less food for ppl.

-increase in plant species: barley+wheat in Middle East/Europe, millet + rice in Asia, maize, sunflowers + potatoes in America.

Neolithic Diet: 1^st ppl. to grow plants (agriculture) and keep animals (livestock).

-Fewer animals meant that ppl. had to look for other food sources.

-They observed plants growing and began cultivating them => They went from predators (Paleolithic) to producers (Neolithic).

-Ppl. started domesticating animals by keeping and feeding them together to get meat, milk, hides and dung.

-soon bartering (trade) appeared.

Where did they live?

-Since they didn’t have to move for food, they settled into permanent dwellings w/stone walls + wooden or grass roofs.

Neolithic Society: Division of labour appeared – different ppl. dedicated their lives to different jobs.

Neolithic Beliefs: Believed in spirits and worshipped the dead. Ppl. were buried under their houses or in necropolises (cemeteries).

4.3 Neolithic Art p.116

-elaborate ceramic pots

-funeral idols of stone + bone w/big, round eyes and triangle/line decorations.

-rock painting were more abstract + usually represented ppl. (line w/2 legs and circle head). –often showed scenes of hunting, gathering, ritual dances (probably had religious significance w/fertility of the land).

Part 5: The Stone Age in Spain p.118

5.1 Paleolithic

-caves of Morín (Cantabria) has burial sites

-important cave paintings in Cantabria

5.2 Neolithic

-Ppl. grew wheat + barley and kept goats + sheep

-North-east: ppl. lived in caves (Monserrat, Barcelona) and had graves or cists /sists/

-East: ppl. lived in caves (La Sarsa in Valencia), made ceramic pots (cardial pots = imprinted w/shells)

-Andalusia: cardial pots and dyed them red

-Most important cave paintings are in Levante, showing dancing/hunting scenes w/abstract drawings of animals + warriors in red + black.