CCSS2 Unit 4

Unit 4: The Byzantine and Carolingian Empires p.65

4.1 The Division of the Roman Empire (p.66)

            -395 Theodosius divides Rome into Eastern and Western Roman Empires (Capitals: ERE: Constantinople and WRE:Rome)

            -476 WRE falls in 476 to barbarian (Germanic/Visigoth) invasions (Odoacre) = The beginning of the Middle Ages

            -Kingdoms are established in W.Europe  w/elected monarchy that became hereditary, rural structure, and agricultural economies w/out much trade. Life changes to a much smaller scale.

4.2 The Byzantine Empire (p.67)

4.2.1 Territorial Development

            -ERE called Byzantine Empire, considered themselves Roman.

            -Able to repel barbarian attacks

            -map. p.67

            -Emperor Justinian (527-565) wanted to reestablish unity and splendor of Rome. Conquered Italy and more Mediterranean territory, but they couldn’t hold onto it after his death in 565

            -Byzantine enemies: Persians, Muslims, Turks

            - 11^th century political crises: nobles fighting for the throne,

religious crises: iconoclasm (disagreement about representations of God, Jesus and the saints that caused riots) and the East-West Schism (1054 break up of Christianity into the Catholic Christian Church (led by Pope in Rome) and the Orthodox Christian Church (led by Patriarch in Constantinople)

-1453 the Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople, marking the fall of the ERE

.

Video: The Dark Ages – The History Channel (min.23:00 – 41:25)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KsHSbBxjAOk&feature=related

Questions:

1. What did people from the Western Roman Empire think of those from the East? (they were effeminate, bathed too much, didn’t like a good fight, not brave)

2. What was the disadvantage to the Western Latin side of the split between East and West in the Roman Empires? (they didn’t have material resources and wealth)

3. What was the Mediterranean Sea called in Rome’s heyday? (a roman lake)

4. What behavior made Justinian unpopular? (greed, cheating people, not paying his soldiers)

5. Who convinced Justinian not to flee during the riot? (his wife Theodora)

6. What part of society did Theodora come from? What was her profession? (very low, she was a dancer)

7. What is Justinian’s Cathedral called? (Hagia Sophia)

8. What killed up to half the Byzantine population in 542 A.D.? (The Bubonic Plague)

9. How did the plague get to Constantinople? (Ships cargo with rats and their flees).

10. How did Justinian’s personality change after he survived the plague? (paranoia)

11. What happened to the territories that Justinian had conquered when he died? (they pulled back out of them because they couldn’t afford to maintain them)

4.2.2 Political Organization p.68

            -Emperor had absolute power granted by God: he protected the church and chose the head of it (the Patriarch) and controlled the army and legal system.

            -Byzantine territories were divided into themata (provinces) and ruled by a strategoi (political/military chief who obeyed emperors orders)

            -efficient public administration (like Rome)

            - well trained army, but they eventually needed mercenaries after 11^th century crises.

4.2.3 Economy p.69

            - Agriculture paramount – each theme specialized in 1 crop

            -Trade important in 11^th century. Constantinople linked East and West. Exports = textiles, wines jewels; Imports: furs, ivory, precious stones, perfume

4.2.4. Society

            RURAL- Big rural landowners have large estates (latifundia) and often have high positions in administration/army

            -peasant (coloni) worked their land. Some had small plots but high taxes eventually forced them into debt after the 11^th century crisis and large estate owners bought up the countryside.

            URBAN – ruling class of wealthy landowners, high officials and wealthy merchants

            -lower classes: small merchants, slaves + craftsmen (collegia = guilds)

4.2.5 Culture, Architecture and Art p.70

            -East + West influences; spoke Greek

            -lots of literary activity: Code of Justinian = codification of Roman law

            -Architecture: Greek cross plan + Basilica Plan, semicircular arches, cupolas. Ex: Hagia Sophia (Constantinople), St. Mark’s Basilica (Venice)

            -Painting: icons= images of saints, Christ, the Virgin on wood with rigid, unnatural expressions

4.3 The Franks and Carolingians p.72

4.3.1 The Frankish Kingdom

            -Franks settled in Gaul (France) after fall of WRE

            -King Clovis (481-511) converted to Catholicism and unified Gallo-Romans and Franks.

                        -507 defeats Visigoths in battle of Vouillé à expels them to Iberian Pen. from Toulouse à they est. Kingdom of Toledo in Spain

                        -his successor’s administrator Charles Martel  (mayor of the palace) defeated Muslims at 732 battle of Poitiers, forcing them to retreat to Spain

            -When Martel died his son Pippin the Short became king of the Franks (w/pope’s approval) = beginning of Carolingian Dynasty.

Video: The Dark Ages – The History Channel (min. 13:30 – 23:00)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KsHSbBxjAOk&feature=related

Questions:

1. What did Clovis (Frankish King of Gaul) renounce as he embraced Christianity? (his Pagan roots)

2. What did Roman Emperor Constantine legalize in 313 AD? (Christianity)

3. What was Clovis’ new justification for war? (spreading Christianity)

4. What rank in his army did Clovis give to conquered people? (the same as everyone else)

5. What dynasty did Clovis’ kingdom lay the foundation for? (Merovingian Dynasty)

6. What did Clovis do to relatives outside his household? Why? (He had them eliminated so they wouldn’t be tempted to kill him for his territory, which would go to them)

7. What was the ordeal by boiling water? (a person had to get a pebble from a pot of boiling water. If they healed well they were innocent)

4.3.2. The Carolingian Empire p.73

-TERRITORY

            -Pippin’s son Charlemagne (Charles the Great) became king when he died.

                        -expanded territory militarily (map p.73)

                        - 25/12/800 proclaimed Holy Roman Emperor by Pope (Rome claimed this was the legitimate successor to the WRE)

            -Succeeded by Louis the Pious (814-840)

                        -When he died his 3 sons fought for control of the HRE

                        -843 Treaty of Verdun divided it (p.73)

-POLITICS p.75

            -Organized around imperial palace/emperor’s court (Charlemagne’s was in Aachen)

            -Imperial officials:

                        -chancellor wrote official documents

                        -seneschal was the court’s housekeeper

                        -count of the palace – ran the royal tribunal in the emperor’s name

            -palace had a chapel with clergymen

            -Territory was divided for administration

                        -Counties were rules by a count (appointed official of emperor).

                        -Marches /mársh-es/ were borderlands governed by a marquis /mar-kí/ in charge of military powers and soldiers.

            -To keep counts and marshes obedient- missi dominici (palace inspectors) came. They were a noble and a bishop.

-ECONOMY p.75

            -Agricultural economy w/large estates belonging to the emperor or clergy.

            -Trade was not important

           

-SOCIETY

            -Hierarchy: 1.Emperor, 2. Nobility and High Clerics 3. Peasants 4. Slaves

            -Manorial system arises: the emperor gave land to the nobles to keep them loyal to him. They had total control of the serfs who worked on them à Feudalism

-CULTURE

            -Charlemagne founded Palatine Academy in Aarchen to educate his officials – one of the only places of learning in the dark ages.

-ARCHITECTURE AND ART p.76

            -Architecture: ashlar, brick, semicircular arch, basilica plan, barrel and groin vaults (p.117)

            -Churches had a crypt and apses

            -Monasteries had a cloister and living space for the monks

            -painting: miniatures

The Dark Ages (History Channel min. 41:00 – 51:30)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KsHSbBxjAOk

Questions

1. Did the Church agree with superstitions and ghost stories? (no)

2. Did people work a steady amount of hours of labor each day? (no)

3. How many books did Bead have in his library? (250)

4. What part of society did many of the people who entered monasteries come from? (the nobility)

5. Why did St. Benedict’s monks try to poison him? (He was too strict)

6. Did they succeed? (no)

The Dark Ages

(51:30 – 1:09:55)

1. What territory did the Moors cross into in 730? (France)

2. Who was the commander of the Frankish army? (Charles “The Hammer” Martel)

3. Did Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi think highly of the Franks’ military power? (no)

4. How long did the armies stay firm, each waiting for the other to make the first move? (6 days)

5.  What did the Frankish soldiers get from the Moorish camps? (their plunder)

6. Where did the Moors retreat to? (Spain)

7. Who was Charles Martel’s grandfather (also known as the father of Europe)? (Charlemagne)

8.  Was the Holy Roman Empire the same as the Western Roman Empire? (No)

9. Who did Charlemagne have to share power with? (his brother, Carloman)

10. Was Charlemagne responsible for his brother’s death? (we don’t know)

11. Why did Charlemagne condemn 4,500 Saxon tribal leaders to death in Germany? (they were caught worshipping false gods)

12. What did the massacre become known as? (The Bloody Verdict of Verdun)

13. How many counties did Charlemagne divide his land into? (350)

14. What did Charlemagne study to try to learn to do? (read and write)

15. How many children did Charlemagne have? (at least 20)

16. Was the fact that Charlemagne had many wives and mistresses extraordinary at that time in history? (no)

17. Who was Charlemagne’s enemy in the last years of his reign? (the Vikings)

CCSS2 Unit 5

UNIT 5: Islam and Al-Andalus p.81

Part 1: The Origin and Expansion of Islam p.82

Arabian Penninsula =

-big desert w/ tribes of polytheistic Arab nomads

-Mecca + Medina (Yathrib) = big merchant cities

Muhammad

            -Prophet of Islam

            -born 570

            -archangel Gabriel appeared to him

            -told him to preach Islam (“God’s –Allah’s—religion”)

            -his teachings = Koran = 114 suras (chapters)

Muslim obligations

Five Pillars =

            1. Profess the faith

            2. Pray 5X/day toward Mecca

            3. Fast at Ramadan

            4. Give alms

            5. Pilgrimage to Kaaba in Mecca

also:

-no gambling, drinking alcohol, eating pork;

-must accept polygamy

-Islamic law (Sharia) = justice, tolerance, unity

Expansion

            -spread doctrine, got followers in Mecca

            -authorities thought him a threat (esp. rich merchants) b/c he denied polytheism + said all muslims were equal à numerous attacks

            -In 622 he fled to Medina = Hijra/Hegira = beginning of Muslim calendar

            - organized army à conquered Mecca 630

            -unified Arabian Peninsula, Muhammad = religious/political leader

Part 2: Islamic Politica, Economy + Society p.84

2.1 Political Organization

A. Caliphs = Muhammad’s successors, highest religious/political leaders:  

1. 632-661- Orthodox Caliphate (a.k.a “Rashidun) – 4 caliphs close to Muhammad

2. 661-750 – Umayyad Caliphate – est. cap. In Damascus, Syria

3. 750-1258 –Abbasid Caliphate – moved cap. to Baghdad – 1258 conquered by Mongols

B. Vizier =hayid– prime minister, chief of civil servants

C. Royal treasurers =diwans– collected taxes

D. Emirs = walis = governors of the provinces (koras)

E. Judges = qadis – applied laws (Sharia)

2.2 Economy p.85

Agriculture – important outside of Arabia, water-wheels + irrigation channels

Craftwork – important in cities: hide tanning, making tapestries, carpet, silk, jewelry, ivory, perfumes, weapons

Trade – main source of wealth, city markets (souks), used coins, overseas trading + silk road (silk, precious stones + spices from east, gold + ivory from Africa)

2.3 Society

Groups:

1. Aristocracy – ppl. Linked to caliphs/emirs, powerful, Arab

2. Free ppl – Muslims/Christians/Jews (could keep their religion for paying a tax), civil servants, traders, small landowners, artisans etc.

3. Slaves – prisoners of war or ppl. bought elsewhere; worked on farms, in mines, in homes

Society – Urban, parts of cities:

1. Alcazaba (citadel) – easily defendable walled area on high ground. Had the alcazar (wali’s palace), official buildings, + garrison’s quarters.

2. Medina – main city (inside walls) w/:

            -Main mosque

            -madrasa (school)

            -souk (market)

            -workshops/shops/storehouses

            -public baths

            -hospitals (4 kinds based on illness)

            -houses

-built around courtyards (center of family life)

-w/few windows + latticework = privacy

3. Arrabales – poor areas outside of cities. If it grew a lot they built a wall around it too. Had their own mosque, souk + baths

Part 3: Islamic Culture, Architecture + Art p.88

Muslims:

            -Absorbed cultures of ppl. they conquere

            -Spread Arabic language + Islam

3.1 Culture

-Muslims preserved scientific knowledge of ancient Greeks à translated to Arabic à brought it back to Medieval Christian world.

-big advances in geography, philosophy, astronomy, optics, botany, literature…

-math – adopted Hindu numbers + introduced zero

-medicine – world famous doctors, wrote illness/anatomical treatise, ex: Philosopher-medic Avicenna.

-literature – A Thousand and One Arabian Nights 9^th century

-technology-  astrolab, compass, brought gunpowder + paper to Europe from China

3.2 Architecture + Art p. 89

Architecture

–     most important art (Islam prohibits human/animal representations)

–     Basic materials covered w/other = looked richer

–     Skinny columns

–     Garbled roofs

–     Roofs – vaults + domes inside

o   muqarna vault = stalactites

o   caliphal ribbed vault – intersecting ribs don’t touch center

o   segmented dome – like orange

-       Arches

o    semicircular

o   polylobed – made of small semicircles

o   horseshoe

-Decoration

o   calligraphic motifs – koranic script or poetry in Arabic

o   arabesque – stylized floral/plant designs

o   interlacing – geometrical patterns

-Main buildings

            -Palaces – public/private areas, gardens, waterways, pools (albercas)

            -Mosques – to pray toward Mecca, had:

                        -minaret – tower where muezzin calls ppl. to prayer

                        -courtyard w/fountain to wash bf prayer

                        -qibla – wall facing Mecca

                        -mihrab – small room in qibla where Koran is kept

Part 4: Al-Andalus: Politics, Economy + Society p.92

4.1 Political Development

 Outline of Events

1. The Conquest

A.    In 711 Tarik (lieutenantof Musa, governor of North Africa) crossed the strait of Gibraltar with Arab and Berber troops to plunder.

B. They easily defeated King Roderick (Visigoth), so they decided to continue conquering, defeating most of the peninsula in 4 years.

C. The battle of Covadonga (722) left only a few small territories in the North Christian. They kept going past the Pyrenees until they were defeated by Franks at the Battle of Poitiers (732)

2. The Independent Emirate (756-929)

           

A. In 756, Abderrman I (Abd-al-Rahman) came to the Peninsula.

1.- an Umayyad prince escaping the Abbasids.

2.He declared himself an independent emir, and Al-Andalus became an emirate: a province that depended on the Umayyad caliphate of Damascus. The capital of the emirate was Cordoba.

3. Although the emirate was independent, it recognized the religious authority of the Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad.

           

B. The Emirate had to defend itself against:

            1. the Christians, who conquered Zamora

            2. the Franks

            3. the Muladi rebellion, Iberian Muslims who felt discriminated against.

3 The Caliphate of Córdoba (929-1031)

           

A.    In 929 Abderram III declared himself caliph, making al-Andalus independent from Baghdad.

1.He squashed internal rebellions.

2. He fought the Christians in the North and got them to pay tributes to the Muslims.

3. Al-Andalus flourished and Cordoba became the most prosperous capital in the west.

                        4. The Caliphate went into crisis after Almanzor´s death.

                        5. in 1031 the governors of the provinces declared their independence and the caliphate disintegrated into 28 kingdoms or taifas.

4.  The Taifas (1031-1085) and North African Dynasties (1085-1212)

            A. Taifas = small Muslim kingdoms or emirates.

                        1.They competed with each other for territory and cultural prestige.

                        2. Christians exploited their lack of unity.

           

B.   Help from the Muslims of North Africa (after the Christian conquest of Toledo)

                        1. The Almoravids (1085-1144) were nomadic Berbers who had established a large empire with Marrakech as its capital.                        

                                    a. In 1086 they came to the Peninsula to help the taifa kings.

                                    b. They defeated the Christians at the battle of Sagrajas, controlling al-Andalus again.

                                    c. In 1145 the territory broke up into taifas again.

                        2. The Almohads  (1172-1212) replaced the Almoravids as the controlling power of North Africa.

                                    a. In 1171 they annexed al-Andalus into their empire.

                                    b. In 1195 they defeated Alphonse VIII of Castilla, imposing a strict religious code.

                                    c. They were defeated at the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212), allowing the Christians to penetrate the Guadalquivir river valley.

                                    d. The Almohad’s territory distintigrated into taifas again in 1224.

                                    e. The Christians kept conquering the taifas until al-Andalus was reduced to the Nasrid kingdom of Granada.

5.  The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada

            A. The Muslim Kingdom of Granada was governed by the Nasrid dynasty.

1.They survived in the Peninsula for more than 2 centuries due to:

                                    a. The support of Muslims from the North of Africa.

                                    b. Paying tributes to the kings of Castilla.

4.2 Economy p. 93

-Agriculture – rain fed and irrigation

-Livestock farming – sheep breeding

-Craftwork – textiles, gold/silversmithing, glasswork, pottery, paper, weapons, leatherwork + inlay

-Trade – almotacén controlled souks, al-Andalus exploited location to import slaves + luxury goods

4.3 Society

Muslims:

1. Arabs – minority, most rich, important, landowners

2. Berbers – Muslims of different ethnic group, livestock farmers

3. Muladíes – Muslim converts, mostly peasants

Non-Muslims: (all paid extra tax)

1. Christians – non-converts = mozarabs, urban group w/many trades

2. Jews – trade, craftwork, finance; couldn’t hold office or practice Judaism in public

Part 5: Daily Life in the Cities of al-Andalus p.94

Urban society:

-some visigothic cities (Toledo)

-some est. during Muslim era (Murcia + Badajoz)

Neighborhoods = groups of ppl. w/same religion/profession

-walls closed at sunset

-had a drainage system to get rid of waste, public baths, fountains (Christian areas in Europe didn’t)

Part 6: Al-Andalus: Culture + Architecture p.98

6.1 Culture

-Great cultural center of medieval world

-philosohpers: Maimonides (Jewish) + Averroes (Muslim)

-writers: Ibn Hazm

6.2 Architecture

-Periods of Moorish Architecture

1.Caliphal

            -Arches: semicircular, horseshoe, polylobed; w/alfiz

            -Caliphal ribbed vault

            -Great Mosque of Cordoba

2. Taifa

            -covered w/ornate decoration (arabesque)

            -polylobed + mixtilinear arches

            -Aljafería Palace in Zaragoza

3. Almohad

            -more austere

            -La Giralda + Torre del Oro of Sevilla

4. Nasrid

            -covered w/ornate decoration (arabesque)

            -pointed horseshoe + stilted semicircular arches

            -narrow columns

            -muqarna vaults

            -The Alhambra in Granada

           

           

CCSS2 Unit 7 Extra Content: Humanism and the Hundred Years' War