CCSS2 Unit 12 from last year and Unit 4 from this year

Students from the 2nd year of ESO, here are the last 2 Power Point presentations, both of which will be on the next exam:

https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/53685594/CCSS2%20Roman%20and%20Visigoth%20Hispania%20(CCSS1%20Unit%2012).pptx

https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/53685594/CCSS2%20Unit%204.pptx

Roman and Visigoth Hispania (CCSS1 Unit 12)

1. PRE-ROMAN HISPANIA

PRE-ROMAN PEOPLES – CELTS, IBERIANS AND COLONIZERS

1. People of CELTIC influence and/or descent: Gallaeci, Astures, Cantabri, Vascones, Lusitanian, Vaccaei and Celtiberian tribes.

2. IBERIANS: generic name for tribes in the South, East and Balearic Is.

3. COLONIZERS: Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians arrived in search of metals. They founded colonies on the Mediterranean coast.

2. PRE-ROMANS:

IBERIANS AND CELTICI:

Polytheistic

Hierarchical societies

Dwellings: both lived in settlements surrounded by defensive walls.

Iberian: square

Celtici: circular

2. ROMAN HISPANIA

The Roman Conquest of Hispania:

1. (218-197BC) Rome defeated the Carthaginians, gaining control of the Mediterranean coast.

2. (197-29BC) The Romans conquered the center and West of the Peninsula, defeating the Lusitanians and Celiberians.

3. (29-19BC) Rome conquered the Cantabri and Astures, occupying the North.

ROMANIZATION: adopting the culture and way of life of the Romans (Latin language, urbanized territory, Roman laws/government, Roman socialization, culture, money, farming techniques, educational system and religion)

HISPANIA, A ROMAN TERRITORY – divided into provinces, each ruled by a governor (changed over time)

ROMAN RELIGION: was gradually introduced in Hispania (the cult of the Emperor and then Christianity)

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE:

-Theaters (in Mérida)

-Amphitheatres (in Italica)

-Circuses (Sagunto)

-Aqueducts (Segovia, Mérida)

-Roman walls (Lugo)

-Bridges (Cáceres)

-Baths (Tarragona)

-Temples (Bolonia in Cádiz)

-Triumphal Arches (Bará in Tarragona)

3. VISIGOTH HISPANIAUnit 4: The Byzantine and Carolingian Empires p.65

4.1 The Division of the Roman Empire (p.66)

            -395 Theodosius divides Rome into Eastern and Western Roman Empires (Capitals: ERE: Constantinople and WRE:Rome)

            -476 WRE falls in 476 to barbarian (Germanic/Visigoth) invasions (Odoacre) = The beginning of the Middle Ages

            -Kingdoms are established in W.Europe  w/elected monarchy that became hereditary, rural structure, and agricultural economies w/out much trade. Life changes to a much smaller scale.

-The Visigoths arrived in Hispania in 413AD as allies of the Romans against the Suebis, Vandals and Alans, who had occupied part of the Peninsula.

THE KINGDOM OF TOLEDO- cap. Toledo

-King Leovigildo unified the Peninsula (Suebi, Cantabri, Vascones, Byzantine dominions).

-7^th Century political crisis, king Witiza died.

-King Rodrigo came to power, but Witiza’s supporters were against him, so they askd the Muslims for help.

-711 battle of Guadalete: Muslims defeated Rodrigo and topple the Visigoth kingdom.

4.2.1 Territorial Development

            -ERE called Byzantine Empire, considered themselves Roman.

            -Able to repel barbarian attacks

            -map. p.67

            -Emperor Justinian (527-565) wanted to reestablish unity and splendor of Rome. Conquered Italy and more Mediterranean territory, but they couldn’t hold onto it after his death in 565

            -Byzantine enemies: Persians, Muslims, Turks

            - 11^th century political crises: nobles fighting for the throne,

religious crises: iconoclasm (disagreement about representations of God, Jesus and the saints that caused riots) and the East-West Schism (1054 break up of Christianity into the Catholic Christian Church (led by Pope in Rome) and the Orthodox Christian Church (led by Patriarch in Constantinople)

-1453 the Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople, marking the fall of the ERE

4.2.2 Political Organization p.68

            -Emperor had absolute power granted by God: he protected the church and chose the head of it (the Patriarch) and controlled the army and legal system.

            -Byzantine territories were divided into themata (provinces) and ruled by a strategoi (political/military chief who obeyed emperors orders)

            -efficient public administration (like Rome)

            - well trained army, but they eventually needed mercenaries after 11^th century crises.

4.2.3 Economy p.69

            - Agriculture paramount – each theme specialized in 1 crop

            -Trade important in 11^th century. Constantinople linked East and West. Exports = textiles, wines jewels; Imports: furs, ivory, precious stones, perfume

4.2.4. Society

            RURAL- Big rural landowners have large estates (latifundia) and often have high positions in administration/army

            -peasant (coloni) worked their land. Some had small plots but high taxes eventually forced them into debt after the 11^th century crisis and large estate owners bought up the countryside.

            URBAN – ruling class of wealthy landowners, high officials and wealthy merchants

            -lower classes: small merchants, slaves + craftsmen (collegia = guilds)

4.2.5 Culture, Architecture and Art p.70

            -East + West influences; spoke Greek

            -lots of literary activity: Code of Justinian = codification of Roman law

            -Architecture: Greek cross plan + Basilica Plan, semicircular arches, cupolas. Ex: Hagia Sophia (Constantinople), St. Mark’s Basilica (Venice)

            -Painting: icons= images of saints, Christ, the Virgin on wood with rigid, unnatural expressions

4.3 The Franks and Carolingians p.72

4.3.1 The Frankish Kingdom

            -Franks settled in Gaul (France) after fall of WRE

            -King Clovis (481-511) converted to Catholicism and unified Gallo-Romans and Franks.

                        -507 defeats Visigoths in battle of Vouillé -->expels them to Iberian Pen. from Toulouse -->they est. Kingdom of Toledo in Spain

                        -his successor’s administrator Charles Martel  (mayor of the palace) defeated Muslims at 732 battle of Poitiers, forcing them to retreat to Spain

            -When Martel died his son Pippin the Short became king of the Franks (w/pope’s approval) = beginning of Carolingian Dynasty.

4.3.2. The Carolingian Empire p.73

-TERRITORY

            -Pippin’s son Charlemagne (Charles the Great) became king when he died.

                        -expanded territory militarily (map p.73)

                        - 25/12/800 proclaimed Holy Roman Emperor by Pope (Rome claimed this was the legitimate successor to the WRE)

            -Succeeded by Louis the Pious (814-840)

                        -When he died his 3 sons fought for control of the HRE

                        -843 Treaty of Verdun divided it (p.73)

-POLITICS p.75

            -Organized around imperial palace/emperor’s court (Charlemagne’s was in Aachen)

            -Imperial officials:

                        -chancellor wrote official documents

                        -seneschal was the court’s housekeeper

                        -count of the palace – ran the royal tribunal in the emperor’s name

            -palace had a chapel with clergymen

            -Territory was divided for administration

                        -Counties were rules by a count (appointed official of emperor).

                        -Marches /mársh-es/ were borderlands governed by a marquis /mar-kí/ in charge of military powers and soldiers.

            -To keep counts and marshes obedient- missi dominici (palace inspectors) came. They were a noble and a bishop.

-ECONOMY p.75

            -Agricultural economy w/large estates belonging to the emperor or clergy.

            -Trade was not important

           

-SOCIETY

            -Hierarchy: 1.Emperor, 2. Nobility and High Clerics 3. Peasants 4. Slaves

            -Manorial system arises: the emperor gave land to the nobles to keep them loyal to him. They had total control of the serfs who worked on them à Feudalism

-CULTURE

            -Charlemagne founded Palatine Academy in Aarchen to educate his officials – one of the only places of learning in the dark ages.