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Unit
10: Baroque Europe p.193
1.1
Absolute Monarchy: France
Absolute Monarchy = the dominant political system
(17th-18th C.)
-Kings believed
their authority had been given to them
by God (“the Divine Right of Kings”).
-They held ALL political power (legislative,
executive + judicial) with NO limitations.
Ex: Louis XIV “the Sun King” (1643-1715)
-His gov’t administration was professionalized: High Council to deal
w/policy and secretaries of state in charge of different areas of gov’t.
-His intendants represented him in each province.
-He modernized the army.
-Mercantilism
was applied (the economic theory that a
country’s wealth is based on the accumulation of precious metals, which must be
increased by raising exports and lowering imports), leading to the creation
of manufacturing industries (factory
production), which were protected by the state.
-His influence on the Church increased as he took away rights from
Protestants.
-France became the most
powerful country in Europe by fighting in many wars.
1.2 Parliamentary Monarchy: England p.194
-Charles I
(absolute monarch) was king of England at the beginning of the 17th
C.
-He was opposed
by the English Parliament (corte)
-1642-1649:
English Civil War: Parliament (led by Oliver Cromwell) vs. Charles I and his
supporters
-1649: The king
is executed and Oliver Cromwell rules in an authoritarian republic.
-1660: Charles II
was restored to power, succeeded by James II (both ruled as absolute monarchs)
-1688 The
GloriousRevolution à Mary
(daughter of James II) took the throne with her husband William of Orange (from
the Netherlands), agreeing to govern with
Parliament.
-1689: They
signed the Bill of Rights, obliging the monarchs to govern with the laws of
parliament à English is the
world’s first parliamentary monarchy!
1.3. The Thirty Years War
1. It began as
another conflict between the Hapsburg Dynasty (ruling in Spain and the HRE) and
the German Protestant Princes (+ their allies).
a. Fernando II (Carlos V’s brother)
takes over in HRE (didn’t agree w/Peace
of Augsburg) and in 1618 closes Protestant Churches in Bohemia.
b. Bohemian Czechs revolt and
Fernando sends in his army – Protestant princes send in their armies to help
the Czechs.
2. Many countries joined in the
fighting and the war spread around Europe.
a. 1618-1630 Fernando is winning
b. 1630 Fernando’s 1st
defeat. France joins in to help Protestants.
3. It ended with
the 1648 Peace of Westphalia:
a. The Hapsburgs lost dominance in
Europe.
b. Spain had to recognize the
independence of the United Provinces (northern provinces of the Netherlands)
Part 2: Economy and Society p.195
2.1 Economy/ 4.2 Economy in spain :17th
C: serious economic crisis
-exacerbated by a
fall in the gold/silver coming in from the Americas (b/c of wars, epidemics +
the mines running out)
-crises in
craftwork and trade (made worse by Dutch/English pirates)
-1620 on: low
agricultural productivity + bad harvests = food shortage
-In Spain, expelling the moriscos meant that an
important part of the workforce was gone à lower
harvests. Land ownership became
concentrated in latifundia because
peasants had to sell their land to survive.
-Foreign Trade:
-England and the (Dutch)United Provinces:
Both set up state monopolies: companies that had exclusive trading rights for
certain products in certain areas:
1. The United Provinces:
a.created the Dutch East India Company to trade with Asia
(Indonesia) – spices, tea, silk etc.
b. created the the Dutch West India Company to trade with America
(Brazil and Curaçao) – sugar cane, tabacoo, slave labor.
2. England
a. founded the English
East India Company to challenge the Dutch monopoly in Asia (India) –
spices, cotton, silk, indigo
2.2 Society/4.3
Society in Spain
-Wars, famine +
plague = population stopped growing and fell
-The number of nobles increased because kings sold
titles of nobility. In Spain many hidalgos
lived in clandestine poverty because work was considered dishonorable.
-The nobility put more pressure on the peasants,
demanding old tributes (taxes) à
peasants revolted
-clergy increased, as joining the was a way to
guarantee survival in a time of crisis
-the high bourgeoisie gained influence because they
lent money to monarchs and intermarried with the nobility. In Spain, many were
ruined by the crises in craftwork + trade.
-The petite bourgeoisie got educated at universities
and often worked in the kings’ administration (becoming more important)
-In guilds, apprentices + journeymen rebelled against
masters
-The peasants got poorer, often becoming beggars or
thieves (pícaros), but some augmented
their income by working in the domestic system at home.
Part 3: Culture,
Architecture and Art p.198/Part 6: The Golden Age p.208
Culture: Spanish
literature + art flourished (“Golden
Age”)
-Astronomy: Kepler and Galileo used Copernicus’
discoveries to prove that we live in a heliocentric universe
-Physics: Newton formulated the law of gravity
-Philosophy: Francis Bacon – established that
knowledge had to be based on experience (empiricism) and the scientific method.
-Descartes – argued that truth was only acceptable if
it could be deduced by reasoning (rationalism)
LITERATURE- themes
of love + honor = new genre (picaresque
novel of pícaros/buscones who are
rogue heroes)
-Ex:Cervantes (Don
Quixote), Francisco de Quevedo (poetry + satire), Luis de Góngora (poetry),
Lope de Vega + Calderón de la Barca (theater)
-Baroque Art – grandiose,
dynamic and dramatic (often associated with the Counter-Reformation in Catholic
countries)
-Baroque
Architecture: (churches + palaces)
-classical
architectural elements used in a free way
-split
pediments and arched walls create contrast
-Solomonic
columns
-oval
or circular plans give the sensation of movement and grandeur
-Ex.
Versailles
-In
Spain: Juan Gómez de Mora (Plaza Mayor,
Town Hall + Monasterio de la Encarnación
in Madrid), Alonso Cano (façade of the Granada Cathedral)
-The
Churriguera brothers developed Churrigueresque style (ornate w/Solomonic
columns + floral motifs). Ex: Plaza Mayor
de Salamanca.
Sculpture:
-marble,
alabaster, wood, bronze
-religious,
mythological or portraits
-natural
and dramatic figures that gave the sensation of movement
-Ex:
Bernini (Ecstasy of St. Theresa, Apollo
and Daphne, David)
-In
Spain, still mostly themes (Christ, the Virgin, Holy Week, pasos). Ex: Gregorio
Fernández (Piety + Recumbent Christ) and Juan Martínez
Montañés (Christ of Clemency + Immaculate Conception).
Painting:
-natural
+ realistic
-landscapes
and still lifes gained importance
-tenebrism:
huge constrasts of ligh and shadow
-Ex: -Carvaggio
(Death of the Virgin, Calling of St.
Matthew)
-Rembrandt (Night Watch), Rubens (The Three graces, The Judgement of Paris,
Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus)
-Franz Hals (The Banquet of officers of the St. George
Militia Company).
Ex.
in Spain: -José de Ribera (Martyrdom of St. Bartholomew)
-Francisco
de Zurbarán (Friars)
-Bartolomé
Esteban Murillo (Inmaculadas + Children Eating Grapes and Melons)
-Diego
Velázquez- used aerial perspective (a technique to create the impression of
depth by gradually reducing the color-intensity and detail of
background/distant objects): Christ
crucified, The Triumph of Bacchus, Vulcan’s Forge, The Fable of Arachne, The
Surrender of Breda, The Maids of Honor (Las Meninas), Portrait of the
Count-Duke of Olivares.
