CCSS3 Unit 7: Industry

Part 1: The Secondary Sector: Factors of Industrial Production p.110

The Secondary Sector = construction (buildings/infrastructure like roads, bridges and airports) and industry (transforming raw materials into finished or semi-finished products).

The factors of industrial production are:

1.1 Raw materials = resources that are transformed into (semi) finished products.

-of animal origin: wool, milk

-of vegetable origin: cotton, linen

-of mineral origin: iron, copper, clay

-of artificial origin: nylon, plastic

1.2 ENERGY SOURCES = the natural resources that provide the power necessary to operate machines. 2 types:

1. NON-RENEWABLE: obtained from limited natural resources that can be used up.

A. Coal: originates from an accumulation of vegetable  remains, buried underground or in shallow water, which have decomposed and solidified until they were converted into minerals rich in carbon.

            -is used in the production of electricity in power stations

            -is produced mostly in China, the U.S. and India.

B. Oil: originates from an accumulation of plankton on the sea floor, which are converted into hydrocarbon and then put through a refining process.

            -is used in industries, transport and production of electricity.

            -is produced mostly by (top 15 in order): 1. Saudi Arabia, 2. Russia, 3. The U.S.A., Iran, China, Canada, Iraq, the U.A.E., Mexico, Kuwait, Brazil, Nigeria, Venezuela, Norway, (Texas) and 15. Algeria.

C. Natural Gas: usually originates in a pocket above an oil deposit.

            -industry, heating homes, production of electricity

            -Russia, U.S., Canada

D. Nuclear energy: comes from minerals with radioactive elements (uranium, plutonium)

- is generated into electricity in power plants

- The U.S., France, Japan

2.. RENEWABLE/ALTERNATIVE: obtained from unlimited natural resources.

A. Hydroelectric power is generated into electricity by the force of falling water.

-Canada, Brazil, U.S., China, Russia

B.Wind power generates electricity when wind powers turbines.

-Germany, Spain, U.S., Denmark

C. Geothermal energy uses the internal heat of the Earth (hot springs/steam) for heating systems and to make electricity.

-U.S., Philippines,  Mexico

D. Solar energy uses the rays of the sun to generate electricity.

-U.S., Germany, Australia, Canada

E. Biomass energy uses waste as fuel for industry and heating.

-U.S., France, Sweden

F. Wave or tidal power uses the movement of the ocean to create electricity.

-France, U.K., Canada

1.4 Capital p.112

-Companies:

In Spain, most industrial companies are PYMES (small (50 or less workers) and medium (51-250) sized)

Vertical integration: the grouping of companies that participate in the different stages of production in an industry.

Horizontal integration: (or concentration): the joining of companies involved in the same industrial activity.

Part 2: Types of Industry p.114

2.1 Heavy Industry:

-transforms raw materials into semi-finished products.

-uses high investments in raw materials and energy sources.

-is highly contaminating (located outside towns/cities)

Ex: The principal heavy industries:

1. Metallurgy (making steel, aluminum and copper)

2. Heavy chemical industry makes products necessary for other industries (sulphuric acid, nitrogen, phosphates, caustic soda, derivatives of coal/oil)

2.2 Capital Goods Industry

-transforms semi-finished products into finished goods

-Ex: high technology, aerospace, construction, transport materials, timber/paper

2.3 Light Industry or Consumer Goods Industry:

-makes products for direct consumption.

-uses fewer raw materials and less energy

-is generally less contaminating.

Ex: food, light chemical products (cosmetics, plastics), electronics, computing, textiles.

Part 3: Industrial Space p.118

A. Factors that influence the location of industries:

-proximity to natural resources/energy sources

-population (workers/consumers)

-means of transport

-economic development (the presence of other industries there)

-policies that favor industrialization

B. Types of industrial spaces (2)

            1. Dispersed: isolated

            2. Grouped: on the periphery of cities (industrial and technology parks).

Part 5: Main Industrialized areas in the World

(see map p.119)

Part 6: Environmental Consequences p.122

Negative Effects:

1. acid rain (energy producing byproducts mix with water vapor and fall as rain)

2. greenhouse effect (cO2)

3. reduction of the ozone layer

4. overexploitation of resources

Corrective Measures:

1. clean technology (purification systems)

2. better waste management (recycling and biodegradable material)

3. preventative measures before setting up an industry (environmental impact studies)

4. reduced consumption and recycling

5. renewable energy sources