CCSS3 Unit 4: Settlement

CCSS3 Unit 4: Settlement p.59

Part 1: Settlement p.60

=action of ppl. establishing themselves in an area

-rural = villages/isolated country houses, few inhabitants, farming/agricultural economy, limited services

-urban = city, many inhabitants, industry/trade/transport economy, lots of services

Part 2: Rural Settlement

->50% of world pop. = rural nuclei , going down

-3 types of rural settlement:

1. Dispersed: Pop. lives in separate houses, farms, hamlets scattered through countryside

2. Nucleated – villages

3. Interspersed – isolated buildings between villages

-3 types of villages:

1. Linear- houses on both sides of transport link

2. nucleated – houses built around central point

3. radial – houses are concentrated around central point streets radiate from

Part 3: Urban Settlement p.62

=concentration of ppl. in cities

3.1 Functions of Cities

-In Europe/America/Oceania, pop. in towns/cities > 70%

-In Africa/Asia < 40%

-large urban nuclei:

1. metropolitan areas: urban zone w/main city (w/administration)+ other smaller urban nuclei nearby.

2. conurbation: large, almost continuous urban area of 2+ neighboring cities joining but maintaining gov’t independence

3. megalopolis: very large urban area of several conurbations joined

3.2 Urban Hierarchy

= the organization of cities in ranks/categories based on its size, extension of sphere of influence (worldwise, national, regional, county, district)

-several urban nuclei, ranked + interconnected = urban network

3.3 Analysis of Cities p. 63

Site: where? On a hill, in a valley, river, island etc.

Situation: Where in relation to other things? Center of county, coast, at intersecting point

-urban plan = graphic representation of distribution of built-up areas + open spaces of a city.

3 kinds:

1. Orthogonal Plan: (grid, checkerboard) straight, wide streets crossing at right angles

2. Radiocentric: cenral point + wheel spokes

3. Irregular: no defined geometric shapes; short, narrow streets, irregular alleys

Urban Construction – kinds of buildings

1. Old – historic/artistic value - houses, palaces, churches, town halls, hospitals, universities

2. Building blocks – several floors, skyscrapers, offices, shopping centers, apts

3. single family homes – detached, semi-detached (duplex) , terraced (row) on 1 or 2 floors. Normally medium-high standard of living, garden, at city outskirts

4. Shacks/shanties – houses built w/scraps, chabolas/favelas

3.4 Structure of Cities

-zones = labeled according to main function, but all have several functions + can change over time

1. Center: Central Business District (CBD) w/office, head offices of banks, big shops, establishments for leisure (cinema, theatre), historic center

2. Residential Areas: Neighborhoods of single-family homes or blocks of flats

3. Industrial Areas: used to be near rails/ports, now on outskirts in industrial parks

4. Green zones: mostly plants, few buildings; public parks, gardens, outskirts

5. Suburban Areas: Previously rural areas that became urban b/c of urban growth. Have services/industry/dormitory towns + residential neighborhoods

Part 4: Urban Problems and Solutions p.68

ENVIRONMENTAL

-PROBLEMS

1. Gases from heating + traffic

2. air + noise pollution from traffic

3. waste

-SOLUTIONS

1. public transport

2. restrict use of heating

3. promoting non-contaminating energy

4. putting industrial facilities outside cities

5. sound barriers

6. waste collection

7. special waste disposal plants for toxic/dangerous waste

8. recycling

INFRASTRUCTURAL PROBLEMS

1.water + energy needs

2. cities need green zones

-SOLUTIONS

1. construct nec. Infrastructure for sufficient amounts of good water (sewage treatment plants etc.)

2. Energy supply infrastructure (electric substations + supply networks)

3. construction of public parks/gardens

TRANSPORT PROBLEMS

1.traffic (rush hour)

2. air pollution from traffic

-SOLUTIONS

1. construct ring roads encircling cities so drivers can go around, not through, city centers

2. promote public transport + bikes

Part 5: Settlement in Spain p.70

-78.6% of settlement is urban

5.1 Rural Settlement

-Hamlets/caseríos (farm houses) in North Pen.

-Nucleated Settlement predominates rural zones

            -small, close villages – Duero + Ebro depressions

            -bigger, farther apart – S. Pen., Mediterranean area + Balearic Is.

-Changes

            -In mountain areas/interior – after rural exodus are revitalized b/c of rural tourism + immigration

            -Coastal villages were for fishing à now tourism

            -villages near big cities get an  urban function, have become part of metropolitan area

5.2 Urban Settlement p.71

-In the last few decades…

            -Big metropolitan areas are consolidated

            - The main cities of those areas have lost inhabitants

- nearby nuclei have grown

            -urban development plans control growth

            - restoration of historic centers/ensanches/slums

            -modernization projects to improve image

-Most Spanish cities have:

In the city center:

            -Historic city center

            -Residential neighborhoods/ensanches: luxury homes, offices, shops

           

            -former working class zones are redeveloped

-In the periphery:

            -residential areas w/single family homes

            -industrial areas near main city access routes

            -service areas w/hypermarkets + leisure centers

-The Spanish urban network

            -most large/medium cities on coast

            - dominated by metropolitan areas of Madrid + Barcel