Unit 4: The Byzantine and Carolingian Empires p.65
4.1 The Division of the Roman Empire (p.66)
-395
Theodosius divides Rome into Eastern and Western Roman Empires (Capitals: ERE: Constantinople
and WRE:Rome)
-476
WRE falls in 476 to barbarian (Germanic/Visigoth) invasions (Odoacre) = The
beginning of the Middle Ages
-Kingdoms
are established in W.Europe
w/elected monarchy that became hereditary, rural structure, and
agricultural economies w/out much trade. Life changes to a much smaller scale.
4.2 The Byzantine Empire (p.67)
4.2.1 Territorial Development
-ERE
called Byzantine Empire, considered themselves Roman.
-Able
to repel barbarian attacks
-map.
p.67
-Emperor
Justinian (527-565) wanted to reestablish unity and splendor of Rome. Conquered
Italy and more Mediterranean territory, but they couldn’t hold onto it after
his death in 565
-Byzantine
enemies: Persians, Muslims, Turks
-
11th century political crises: nobles fighting for the throne,
religious crises: iconoclasm (disagreement
about representations of God, Jesus and the saints that caused riots) and the East-West
Schism (1054 break up of Christianity into the Catholic Christian Church
(led by Pope in Rome) and the Orthodox Christian Church (led by Patriarch in
Constantinople)
-1453 the Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople,
marking the fall of the ERE
.
Video: The Dark Ages – The History Channel (min.23:00 – 41:25)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KsHSbBxjAOk&feature=related
Questions:
1. What did people from the Western
Roman Empire think of those from the East? (they were effeminate, bathed too
much, didn’t like a good fight, not brave)
2. What was the disadvantage to the
Western Latin side of the split between East and West in the Roman Empires?
(they didn’t have material resources and wealth)
3. What was the Mediterranean Sea
called in Rome’s heyday? (a roman lake)
4. What behavior made Justinian
unpopular? (greed, cheating people, not paying his soldiers)
5. Who convinced Justinian not to flee
during the riot? (his wife Theodora)
6. What part of society did Theodora
come from? What was her profession? (very low, she was a dancer)
7. What is Justinian’s Cathedral called?
(Hagia Sophia)
8. What killed up to half the
Byzantine population in 542 A.D.? (The Bubonic Plague)
9. How did the plague get to
Constantinople? (Ships cargo with rats and their flees).
10. How did Justinian’s personality
change after he survived the plague? (paranoia)
11. What happened to the territories
that Justinian had conquered when he died? (they pulled back out of them
because they couldn’t afford to maintain them)
4.2.2 Political Organization p.68
-Emperor had absolute power granted by God: he
protected the church and chose the head of it (the Patriarch) and controlled
the army and legal system.
-Byzantine
territories were divided into themata (provinces)
and ruled by a strategoi (political/military chief who obeyed emperors orders)
-efficient
public administration (like Rome)
-
well trained army, but they eventually needed mercenaries after 11th
century crises.
4.2.3 Economy p.69
-
Agriculture paramount – each theme specialized in 1 crop
-Trade
important in 11th century. Constantinople linked East and West.
Exports = textiles, wines jewels; Imports: furs, ivory, precious stones,
perfume
4.2.4. Society
RURAL-
Big rural landowners have large estates (latifundia)
and often have high positions in administration/army
-peasant
(coloni) worked their land. Some had small plots but high taxes eventually
forced them into debt after the 11th century crisis and large estate
owners bought up the countryside.
URBAN
– ruling class of wealthy landowners, high officials and wealthy merchants
-lower
classes: small merchants, slaves + craftsmen (collegia = guilds)
4.2.5 Culture, Architecture and Art p.70
-East
+ West influences; spoke Greek
-lots
of literary activity: Code of Justinian = codification of Roman law
-Architecture:
Greek cross plan + Basilica Plan, semicircular arches, cupolas. Ex: Hagia
Sophia (Constantinople), St. Mark’s Basilica (Venice)
-Painting:
icons= images of saints, Christ, the Virgin on wood with rigid, unnatural
expressions
4.3 The Franks and Carolingians p.72
4.3.1 The Frankish Kingdom
-Franks settled in Gaul (France) after fall of WRE
-King
Clovis (481-511) converted to Catholicism and unified Gallo-Romans and
Franks.
-507
defeats Visigoths in battle of Vouillé à expels them to Iberian Pen. from Toulouse à they est. Kingdom of Toledo in Spain
-his
successor’s administrator Charles Martel
(mayor of the palace) defeated Muslims at 732 battle of
Poitiers, forcing them to retreat to Spain
-When
Martel died his son Pippin the Short became king of the Franks (w/pope’s
approval) = beginning of Carolingian Dynasty.
Video: The Dark Ages – The History Channel (min. 13:30 –
23:00)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KsHSbBxjAOk&feature=related
Questions:
1. What did Clovis (Frankish King of
Gaul) renounce as he embraced Christianity? (his Pagan roots)
2. What did Roman Emperor
Constantine legalize in 313 AD? (Christianity)
3. What was Clovis’ new justification
for war? (spreading Christianity)
4. What rank in his army
did Clovis give to conquered people? (the same as everyone else)
5. What dynasty did
Clovis’ kingdom lay the foundation for? (Merovingian Dynasty)
6. What did Clovis do to
relatives outside his household? Why? (He had them eliminated so they wouldn’t
be tempted to kill him for his territory, which would go to them)
7. What was the ordeal by
boiling water? (a person had to get a pebble from a pot of boiling water. If
they healed well they were innocent)
4.3.2. The Carolingian Empire p.73
-TERRITORY
-Pippin’s
son Charlemagne (Charles the Great) became king when he died.
-expanded
territory militarily (map p.73)
-
25/12/800 proclaimed Holy Roman Emperor by Pope (Rome claimed this was the
legitimate successor to the WRE)
-Succeeded
by Louis the Pious (814-840)
-When
he died his 3 sons fought for control of the HRE
-843
Treaty of Verdun divided it (p.73)
-POLITICS p.75
-Organized
around imperial palace/emperor’s court (Charlemagne’s was in Aachen)
-Imperial
officials:
-chancellor
wrote official documents
-seneschal
was the court’s housekeeper
-count
of the palace – ran the royal tribunal in the emperor’s name
-palace
had a chapel with clergymen
-Territory
was divided for administration
-Counties
were rules by a count (appointed official of emperor).
-Marches
/mársh-es/ were borderlands governed by a marquis /mar-kí/ in charge of
military powers and soldiers.
-To
keep counts and marshes obedient- missi
dominici (palace inspectors) came. They were a noble and a bishop.
-ECONOMY p.75
-Agricultural
economy w/large estates belonging to the emperor or clergy.
-Trade
was not important
-SOCIETY
-Hierarchy:
1.Emperor, 2. Nobility and High Clerics 3. Peasants 4. Slaves
-Manorial
system arises: the emperor gave land to the nobles to keep them loyal to him.
They had total control of the serfs who worked on them à Feudalism
-CULTURE
-Charlemagne
founded Palatine Academy in Aarchen to educate his officials – one of the only
places of learning in the dark ages.
-ARCHITECTURE AND ART p.76
-Architecture:
ashlar, brick, semicircular arch, basilica plan, barrel and groin vaults
(p.117)
-Churches
had a crypt and apses
-Monasteries
had a cloister and living space for the monks
-painting:
miniatures
The Dark Ages (History Channel min.
41:00 – 51:30)
Questions
1. Did the Church agree
with superstitions and ghost stories? (no)
2. Did people work a
steady amount of hours of labor each day? (no)
3. How many books did Bead
have in his library? (250)
4. What part of society
did many of the people who entered monasteries come from? (the nobility)
5. Why did St. Benedict’s
monks try to poison him? (He was too strict)
6. Did they succeed? (no)
The Dark Ages
(51:30 – 1:09:55)
1. What territory did the
Moors cross into in 730? (France)
2. Who was the commander
of the Frankish army? (Charles “The Hammer” Martel)
3. Did Abdul Rahman Al
Ghafiqi think highly of the Franks’ military power? (no)
4. How long did the armies
stay firm, each waiting for the other to make the first move? (6 days)
5. What did the Frankish soldiers get from
the Moorish camps? (their plunder)
6. Where did the Moors
retreat to? (Spain)
7. Who was Charles
Martel’s grandfather (also known as the father of Europe)? (Charlemagne)
8. Was the Holy Roman Empire the same as
the Western Roman Empire? (No)
9. Who did Charlemagne
have to share power with? (his brother, Carloman)
10. Was Charlemagne
responsible for his brother’s death? (we don’t know)
11. Why did Charlemagne
condemn 4,500 Saxon tribal leaders to death in Germany? (they were caught
worshipping false gods)
12. What did the massacre
become known as? (The Bloody Verdict of Verdun)
13. How many counties did
Charlemagne divide his land into? (350)
14. What did Charlemagne
study to try to learn to do? (read and write)
15. How many children did
Charlemagne have? (at least 20)
16. Was the fact that
Charlemagne had many wives and mistresses extraordinary at that time in history?
(no)
17. Who was Charlemagne’s
enemy in the last years of his reign? (the Vikings)
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